.257 is long range airgun caliber with bullets to match. I don't quite get it why anyone would build a short range gun out of that caliber when we have .25 and bigger pellet guns or when you could build say low speed .45 bullet shooter with huge cavity bullets. .257 is an excellent compromise for relatively low operating pressure and good BC, not something that you can use with short barrel length. My .257 has 30" barrel and I don't really see the point of short barrel in that caliber.
All other things being equal (ie calibre and pressure), energy (FPE) is proportional to barrel length.... Essentially, half the barrel length gives half the FPE.... However, for a given calibre and barrel length, FPE is proportional to pressure, double the pressure, roughly double the FPE.... So, you can interchange barrel length and pressure in terms of their ability to produce FPE.... Once you take into account the mass of the air in the barrel, the edge in efficiency goes to the shorter barrel with more pressure.... Stay with the typical slug for a .257, the Lyman 257420 and it's variants (about 73 gr.), which is an excellent choice.... and use at least 3600 psi.... you should be able to get decent power with an 18" barrel.... about what you would get with a 24" at 2700 psi....Bob